All research articles published in the International Journal of Interdisciplinary Innovation and Research (IJIIR) are fully open access and immediately freely available to read, download, and share. Articles are published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

The author(s) and the copyright holder(s) grant to all users a free, irrevocable, worldwide, perpetual right of access and a license to:

• Copy, use, distribute, transmit, and display the complete version of the work and all supplemental materials.
• Ensure that the material is deposited immediately upon initial publication in at least one online repository supported by an academic institution, scholarly society, government agency, or other recognized organization that promotes open access, unrestricted distribution, interoperability, and long-term archiving.

Note: Open access is a property of individual works, not necessarily of journals or publishers.

Community standards—rather than copyright law—will continue to provide the mechanism for enforcement of proper attribution and responsible use of the published work, as they do now.

Disclaimer

IJIIR, published by the Hikmat Research and Academic Publishing Center, Lahore-Pakistan, follows the licensing agreements of Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). This means you are free to:

• Share — Copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
• Adapt — Remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.

This license ensures maximum dissemination and use of licensed materials.