The International Journal of Interdisciplinary Innovation and Research (IJIIR) follows an open-access publishing policy, ensuring that all published articles are freely available to readers worldwide without any financial, legal, or technical barriers.

Any submission made to IJIIR must be original—that is, neither previously published nor under consideration for publication elsewhere. The author(s) bear full responsibility for the accuracy, authenticity, and originality of the content submitted.

It is the author’s responsibility to obtain written permission from the copyright holder for the use or reproduction of any material (text, figures, illustrations, or tables) that has been previously published in print or digital form.

Published articles under IJIIR are allowed to be reproduced, distributed, and adapted, including commercial use, provided that the original work is properly cited. Authors retain the full copyright of their published work.

Disclaimer

The International Journal of Interdisciplinary Innovation and Research (IJIIR), Lahore–Pakistan, adheres to the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).

This license allows you to:

• Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.

• Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.

Proper attribution to the original author(s) and the journal (IJIIR) is required in all cases.